APA STYLE GUIDE

 

5th Edition

 

 

            APA requires a hanging indent for its citations.  Also, PLEASE BE SURE TO DOUBLE SPACE CITATIONS.  For space-saving reasons, the citations below are single-spaced.  APA requires double-spacing of citations.

 

 

BOOKS

 

Typical book entry - single author

 

Arnheim, R. (1971). Art and visual perception. Berkeley: University of California Press.

 

            Publishing information - Spell out the publishing names of associations and university presses, but omit superfluous terms such as “Publishers,” “Co.” or “Inc.”  If two or more locations are given, give the locations listed first or the publisher’s home office.  When the publisher is a university and the name of the state (or province) is included in the university name, do not repeat the name of the state/province in the publisher location.  When the author and publisher are identical, use the word “Author” as the name of the publisher.  Example:

 

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

 

Multiple Authors

 

            When the work has up to (and including) six authors, cite all authors.  When a work has more than six authors, cite the first six followed by “et al.”

 

Festinger, L., Reicken, H., & Schachter, S. (1956). When prophecy fails. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

 

Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L., Lochhead, M., Craig, K., Peterson, R., et al. (1967).

            Nerve cells and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

 

Corporate Authorship

 

Institute of Financial Education. (1982). Managing personal funds. Chicago: Midwestern.

 

No Author Identified

 

Experimental psychology. (1938). New York: Holt.

 

Citing Items in an Anthology/Chapter in an Edited Book

 

Rubenstein, J. P. (1967). The effect of television violence on small children. In B. F. Kane (Ed.),

            Television and juvenile psychological development (pp. 112-134). New York:

            American Psychological Society.

 

Reprinted or Republished Chapter

 

Freud, S. (1961). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed. And Trans.), The standard edition

            of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3-66). London:

            Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923)

 

            Following the entry, enclose “Original work published” in parentheses, noting the original date.

 

Chapter in a Volume in a Series

 

Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction.

            In P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child

            psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1-101).

            New York: Wiley.

 

Citing Multivolume Works

 

Wilson, J. G., & Fraser, F. C. (Eds.). (1977-1978). Handbook of teratology (Vols. 1-4).

            New York: Plenum Press.

 

            In listing a multivolume work, the publication dates should be inclusive for all volumes.  The volumes should be identified, in parentheses, immediately following the book title.  Do not use a period between the title and the parenthetical information; close the entire title, including the volume information, with a period.

 

Edited Collections

 

Higgins, J. (Ed.). (1988). Psychology. New York: Norton.

 

or

 

Grice, H. P., & Gregory, R. L. (Eds.). (1968). Early language development.

            New York: McGraw-Hill.

 

Citing Specific Editions of a Book

 

Brockett, O. (1987). History of the theatre (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

 

            Immediately after the book’s title, note the edition information in parentheses (for example, “5th ed.” or “rev. ed.”).  Do not use a period between the title and the parenthetical information.

 

Translated Works

 

Freud, S. (1970). An outline of psychoanalysis (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: Norton

            (Original work published 1940)

 

            The original publication date is the last portion of the entry and should be in parentheses with the note “Original work published” followed by the date.

 

Proceedings

 

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality .

            In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives

            on motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

 

or

 

Cynx, J., Williams, H., & Nottebohm, F. (1992). Hemispheric differences in avian song discrimination.

            Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 89, 1372-1375.

 

 

JOURNALS

 

Citing Articles in Journals with Continuous Pagination

 

Passons, W. (1967). Predictive validities of the ACT, SAT, and high school grades for the first

            semester GPA and freshman courses. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 27,

            1143-1144.

 

Citing Articles in Journals with Non-Continuous Pagination

 

Sawyer, J. (1966). Measurement and prediction, clinical and statistical. Psychological Bulletin, 66 (3),

            178-200.

 

            Because pagination begins anew with each issue of this journal, it is necessary to include the issue number in parentheses after the volume number.  Note that there is a comma between the issue number and the page numbers, but no comma between the italicized volume number and the issue number.  If the periodical does not use volume numbers, include “pp.” before the page numbers, so the reader will understand that the numbers refer to pagination.  Use “p.” if the source is a page or less long.

 

Citing Articles in Monthly Periodicals

 

Chandler-Crisp, S. (1988, May) “Aerobic writing”: A writing practice model. Writing Lab

            Newsletter, pp. 9-11.

 

Citing Articles in Weekly Periodicals

 

Kauffman, S. (1993, October 18). On films: Class consciousness. The New Republic, p. 30.

 

Newspaper Articles

 

Monson, M. (1993, September 16). Urbana firm obstacle to office project. The Champaign-Urbana

            News-Gazette, pp. A1, A8.

 

No Author Identified

 

Clinton puts ‘human face’ on health-care plan. (1993, September 16). The New York Times, p. B1.

 

Reprinted or Republished Articles

 

Clark, G., & Zimmerman, E. (1988). Professional roles and activities as models for art education.

            In S. Dobbs (Ed.), Research readings for discipline-based art education.

            Reston, VA: NAEA. (Reprinted from Studies in Art Education, 19 (1986), 34-39.)

 

            Following the entry, enclose “Reprinted from” in parentheses, noting the original publication information.  Close with a period.

 

ERIC Documents (Report available from the Educational Resources Information Center)

 

Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice

            teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4).

            East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning.

            (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED346082)

 

 

DISSERTATIONS

 

Dissertation Obtained from Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI)

 

Bower, D. L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring

            and nonreferring supervisors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 54 (01), 534B.

            (UMI No. 9315947)

 

Dissertation Obtained from the University

 

Ross, D. F. (1990). Unconscious transference and mistaken identity: When a witness misidentifies

            a familiar but innocent person from a lineup (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, 1990).

            Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, 417.

 

            Give the university and year of the dissertation as well as the volume and page numbers from the Dissertation Abstracts International.

 

 

OTHER MEDIA

 

Citing Interviews

 

Archer, N. (1993). [Interview with Helen Burns, author of Sense and Perception].

            Journal of Sensory Studies, 21, 211-216.

 

            In this example, the interview lacked a title, so a description of the interview is given in brackets.  If the interview has a title, include the title (without quotation marks) after the year, and then give a further description in brackets if necessary.  Make sure you have the author’s full name.

 

            Unpublished interviews do not need a reference page entry because they are what the Publication Manual of the APA calls “personal communications” and so “do not provide recoverable data.”  Here, the entry consists of the first initial and last name of the interviewee, the type of communication, and the date of the interview.

 

(N. Archer, personal interview, October 11, 1993)

 

Citing Films or Videotapes

 

[Motion picture] replaces Film and Videotape as a bracketed descriptor.

 

Weir, P. B. (Producer), & Harrison, B. F. (Director). (1992). Levels of consciousness

            [Motion picture]. Boston, MA: Filmways.

 

            Here the main people responsible for the videotape are given, with their roles identified in parentheses after their names.  After the title, the medium is identified (here, a motion picture).  The distributor’s name and location comprises the last part of the entry.

 

Citing Recordings

 

John, E. (1973). Bennie and the Jets. On Goodbye Yellow Brick Road [Compact Disk].

            London: Rocket Records. (1996)

 

            If the artist is different from the writer of the song, then after the name of the song, enclose in brackets “Recorded by” and the name of the artist [Recorded by “name of artist”].  The medium of recording is enclosed in brackets after the album title [CD, record, cassette, etc.] and the location and record label are listed after this.  Finally, if the recording date is different from the copyright, this date should be listed in parentheses after the location and record label.

 

McFerrin, B. (Vocalist). (1990). Medicine music [Cassette recording]. Hollywood, CA: EMI-USA.

 

 

ELECTRONIC INFORMATION

 

            The type of medium can be, but is not limited to, the following : aggregated databases, online journals, websites or webpages, newsgroups, web or e-mail-based discussion groups or web or

e-mail-based newsletters.  Pagination in electronic references is unavailable in many cases, thus left out of the citation.  The APA Manual has a short section demonstrating the format for electronic references on pp.268-281.  For other examples, visit .

Citing Computer Software

 

Arend, D. N. (1993). Choices (Version 4.0) [Computer software]. Champaign, IL: U. S. Army

            Corps of Engineers Research Laboratory. (CERL Report No. CH7-22510)

 

            If an individual(s) has proprietary rights to the software, the name(s) should be listed at the head of the entry, last name first, followed by a period.  Otherwise, treat such references as unauthored.  Do not italicize the title.  Specify in brackets that the source is computer software, program or language.  List the location and the organization’s name that produced the program.  Add any other necessary information for identifying the program (in this example, the report number) in parentheses at the entry’s conclusion.  To reference a manual, follow the same format as above, but add “manual” as the source in the bracketed information.  Do not add a period at the end of a citation if it ends in a web address.

 

Full-Text Database (i.e. Book, Magazine, Newspaper Article or Report)

 

Schneiderman, R. A. (1997). Librarians can make sense of the Net. San Antonio Business Journal,

            11, 58+. Retrieved January 27, 1999, from EBSCO Masterfile database.

 

            The second date which follows the citation is the date the user retrieved the material.  No period follows an Internet web address.

 

Article in an Internet-only Journal (e-Journal)

 

Kawasaki, J. L., & Raven, M. R. (1995). Computer-administered surveys in extension.

            Journal of Extension, 33, 252-255. Retrieved June 2, 1999, from

 

Article in an Internet-only Newsletter (e-Newsletter)

 

Waufton, K. K. (1999, April). Dealing with anthrax. Telehealth News, 3 (2). Retrieved

            December 16, 2000, from

 

Internet Technical or Research Reports

 

University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health and Aging. (1996, November).

            Chronic care in America: A 21st century challenge. Retrieved September 9, 2000,

            from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Web site:

 

Document Created by Private Organization, No Page Numbers, No Date

 

Greater Hattiesburg Civic Awareness Group, Task Force on Sheltered Programs. (n.d.).

            Fund-raising efforts. Retrieved November 10, 2001, from

Sometimes authors are not identified, and there is no date showing for the document.  The date

the website was accessed should be used and efforts should be made to identify the sponsoring author or organization of the website.  If none is found, do not list an author.

 

Document from University Program or Department

 

McNeese, M. N. (2001). Using technology in educational settings. Retrieved October 13, 2001,

            from University of Southern Mississippi, Educational Leadership and Research Web site:

           

 

E-Mail, Newsgroups, Online Forums, Discussion Groups and Electronic Mailing Lists

 

Personal communications, which are not archived, should not be included in the reference list.  They may be cited in the text thus:

 

Smith, F. (“personal communication,” January 21, 1999)

 

If Archived

 

Hammond, T. (2000, November 20). YAHC: Parameters, DOI Genres, etc. Message posted to

            Ref-Links electronic mailing list, archived at http://www.doi.org/mail-archive/ref-link/msg12.htm

 

 

 

 

This handout was revised from the original 2001 University of Southern

Mississippi document which was found to have errors.  No claim is made for completeness or accuracy of the above information. Students should always refer to the hard copy of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association for accurate citation information.

                                                                                                (March 25, 2004)

3/05